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campaign bus
A campaign bus is a bus used as both a vehicle and a center of operations in a political campaign, whether for a specific candidate, a political party, or a political cause. A campaign bus can also transport members of the press covering a candidate's campaign.〔Howard R. Ernst, Larry Sabato, ''Encyclopedia of American Political Parties and Elections'' (2007), p. 220.〕 The modern use of campaign buses is often calculated to bring to mind whistle stop train tours that political candidates had historically used to reach large numbers of voters while campaigning by train.
The use of the campaign bus runs at least as early as the 1940s, when ''The New Republic'' reported that 1948 presidential contender Thomas E. Dewey was "waylaid... in his campaign bus" by a charmed female admirer who "told him she would vote for him because he was 'so pink and pretty'".〔Herbert David Croly, ''The New Republic'' (1948), p.10〕 John F. Kennedy's "Alliance for Progress" theme was coined on board a campaign bus travelling through Texas in 1960.〔Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ''A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House'' (1965), p. 193.〕 Candidates may provide interviews to the press or relax on the campaign bus. In 1972, the presidential campaign of Senator Ed Muskie was damaged when a reporter wrote that Muskie's wife, Jane Muskie, "tried to cheer up a campaign bus with the flippant suggestion that everybody swap risque stories".〔"To Jane Muskie, primaries are no joke", ''LIFE'' (12 May 1972), p. 81.〕 Some buses may have names relating to the general theme of the campaign; John McCain traveled aboard a campaign bus named the ''"Straight Talk Express"'' during his 2000 presidential campaign.〔James W. Johnson, ''Arizona Politicians: The Noble and the Notorious'', (2002), p. 16.〕
Campaign buses are used in many countries. Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, known popularly as Lula, used this method of campaigning extensively, and was elected President of Brazil. Over the course of his campaign, "Lula traveled to 350 cities and towns in twenty-three states, in separate campaign bus tours".〔Richard Bourne, ''Lula of Brazil: The Story So Far'' (2008).〕 In the United Kingdom, John Major "adopted the old-fashioned practice of addressing the public from a 'soap box' erected outside his campaign bus".〔Brian McNair, ''An Introduction to Political Communication'' (2011), p. 135.〕 Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas also used a campaign bus to great effect during his 1988 campaign for President of Mexico, which although unsuccessful led to the downfall of single-party rule in Mexico.〔Dan La Botz, ''Democracy in Mexico: peasant rebellion and political reform'' (1995), p. 83.〕 In Canada party leaders often lease coaches with sides decorated with the party name or their own names. The buses are used to travel between destinations that do not require air travel. Members of the media and other campaign officials may travel along with the party leader.
==See also==
* List of buses
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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